Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre

Brain Health Food to Benefit Cognitive Functions

Advancing Nutritional Neuroscience

At Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

ABOUT US

OUR CAPABILITIES

OUR TEAM

TAKE PART IN OUR TRIALS

OUR RESEARCH

CONTACT US, Businesswoman using laptop with ( mail,phone,email ) icon. cutomer support concept.

About Us

Based at Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, our research investigates the impact of nutrients, extracts and whole foods on brain function and psychological health and well-being. A key question of our work asks how can diet and nutrition support optimal brain health across the lifespan.

Our Capabilities

Our lab facilities were purpose-built for the testing of nutritional interventions in humans and we do so in accordance with good clinical practice (GCP) guidelines. Our 4 large testing labs contain individual testing desks which are divided to allow visual isolation from other participants.

Cognitive testing via COMPASS

The Computerised Mental Performance Assessment System (COMPASS) is a user-friendly platform for delivering cognitive tasks. See further details about the system below.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

NIRS is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique, using infrared light to monitor cerebral blood flow. We have 2 NIRS systems: Continuous wave and frequency domain 'quantitative' NIRS.

Observed Multitasking Stressor

The OMS combines observation (by two researchers) with multi-tasking (verbal serial subtraction and tracking task), to provoke a physiological response as assessed by heart rate and GSR, and increased subjective ratings of stress.

Indirect calorimetry

Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production can be measured from expired pulmonary air using our on-line gas analysis system and this data used to calculate total energy expenditure, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.

Trans-cranial doppler sonography (TCD)

TCD is a non-invasive method of measuring cerebral blood flow velocity from the basal intra-cerebral vessels through the intact skull. TCD can be combined with other neuroimaging devices such as NIRS.

Nutrition Trials at Northumbria (NUTRAN)

NUTRAN brings together world leading expertise and state of the art facilities across six labs within Northumbria University. Visit the NUTRAN website for more information.

COMPASS

Our key area of expertise is assessing the effects of nutritional supplements on cognitive function in humans; from children through to older adults. We do this using our own task delivery system COMPASS.

COMPASS currently comprises over 20 cognitive tasks; many based on traditional assessments, which measure attention, vigilance, working-, spatial- and secondary memory, executive function, mood and tasks which induce cognitive demand. COMPASS tasks have been well validated, with hundreds of published journal articles evidencing their sensitivity to a range of nutritional interventions.

Cognimapp

A smart-phone cognitive and mood assessment application, which allows participants to complete assessments outside of the laboratory during nutritional supplementation period.

Our excellent facilities and resources are designed to meet the high demands required for fully auditable controlled-trial research.

Studies currently recruiting

We have the following exciting research participation opportunities available:

Whey Study

WHO?

Adults aged 25-49 years

WHY?

To investigate the effects of dairy phospholipids in the form of a bioactive whey protein concentrate drink on cognitive function and mood.

WHAT WILL I NEED TO DO?

You will need to attend a virtual screening session, followed by four

sessions in our Newcastle City Centre lab.

You will receive £150 upon completion of the study.

This study has been approved by the University Ethical Approval System (5131 & 5201) at Northumbria University.

GET IN TOUCH

whey.study

@northumbria.ac.uk

Botanicals Study

WHO?

Adults aged 18-45 years

WHY?

To investigate the effects of beverages containing botanical extracts on cognitive function and mood.

WHAT WILL I NEED TO DO?

You will need to attend a virtual screening session, followed by five

sessions in our Newcastle City Centre lab.

You will receive £280 upon completion of the study.

This study has been approved by the University Ethical Approval System (5790) at Northumbria University.

GET IN TOUCH

hl.botanical.4.study@

northumbria.ac.uk

If you are not eligible or able to take part in any of these current studies please be advised we will have other studies in the near future.

To make sure you are kept up to date about new projects you can sign up to our participant database and we will contact you when new studies start. Use the link below to sign up.

We store all information in accordance with GDPR regulations and will remove your details, at any time, upon request. We will only use the information you provide to contact you about Northumbria University research studies and will not pass on these details to any third party organisations.

recent KEY PAPERS

The BPNRC has an extensive publication history, encompassing the last 20 years, below is a selection of some of our recent key papers. Our full publication list is also included below.

Patan et al., (2021)

Jackson et al., (2021 )

Dodd et al., (2020 )

Wightman et al., (2021)

Wightman et al., (2020)

Kennedy et al., (2018)

Haskell-Ramsay et al., (2018).

Dodd et al., (2015)

Publications

Babateen, A. M., Shannon, O. M., O’Brien, G. M., Okello, E., Smith, E.,Christina Koehl, C., Fostier, W., Wightman, E., Kennedy, D., Mathers, J.C., & Siervo, M. (2022). Incremental Doses of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice Do Not Modify Cognitive Function and Cerebral Blood Flow in Overweight and Obese Older Adults: A 13-Week Pilot Randomised Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 14(5), 1052.

Babateen AM, Shannon OM, O’Brien GM, Okello E, Khan AA, Rubele S, Wightman E, Smith E, McMahon N, Olgacer D, Koehl C, Fostier W, Mendes I, Kennedy D, Mathers JC, Siervo M. (2021). Acceptability and Feasibility of a 13-Week Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial Testing the Effects of Incremental Doses of Beetroot Juice in Overweight and Obese Older Adults. Nutrients, 26;13(3):769.

Babateen, A. M., Rubele, S., Shannon, O., Okello, E., Smith, E., McMahon, N., ... & Siervo, M. (2020). Protocol and recruitment results from a 13-week randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of different doses of nitrate-rich beetroot juice on cognition, cerebral blood flow and peripheral vascular function in overweight and obese older people. Contemporary clinical trials communications, 18, 100571.

Browne, S. E., Flynn, M. J., O’Neill, B. V., Howatson, G., Bell, P. G., & Haskell-Ramsay, C. F. (2017). Effects of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals: A systematic review. Progress in brain research, 234, 161-187.

Docherty, S., Doughty, F. L., & Smith, E. F. (2023). The Acute and Chronic Effects of Lion's Mane Mushroom Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Stress and Mood in Young Adults: A Double-Blind, Parallel Groups, Pilot Study. Nutrients, 15(22), 4842. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224842

Dodd, F., Kennedy, D., Wightman, E., Khan, J., Patan, M., Elcoate, R., & Jackson, P. (2022). The chronic effects of a combination of herbal extracts (Euphytose®) on psychological mood state and response to a laboratory stressor: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind study in healthy humans. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(11), 1243-1256.

Dodd, F. L., Kennedy, D. O., Stevenson, E. J., Veasey, R. C., Walker, K., Reed, S., ... & Haskell-Ramsay, C. F. (2020). Acute and chronic effects of multivitamin/mineral supplementation on objective and subjective energy measures. Nutrition & metabolism, 17(1), 1-14.

Dodd FL, Kennedy DO, Riby LM, Haskell-Ramsay CF (2015) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of caffeine and L-theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood. Psychopharmacology 232(14): 2563-76

Eschle T, Goodall S, Kennedy D & Wightman EL (2020). Acute Resveratrol Administration Increases Neural Effort but Not Whole Body Metabolism or Cognitive Performance in Healthy, Young Participants. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, pp 1-8. doi.org/10.1007/s41465-019-00139-2.

Fraga, C. G., Croft, K. D., Kennedy, D. O., & Tomás-Barberán, F. A. (2019). The effects of polyphenols and other bioactives on human health. Food & function, 10(2), 514-528.

Gonzalez JT, Veasey RC, Rumbold PLS, Stevenson EJ. (2012) Consistency of metabolic responses and appetite sensations under postabsorptive and postprandial conditions. Appetite. 59 (2): 228-233

Gonzalez, J.T., Veasey, R.C., Rumbold, P.L, & Stevenson, E.J. (2012). Breakfast and Exercise Contingently Affect Postprandial Metabolism and Energy Balance in Physically Active Males. British Journal of Nutrition. 23:1-12

Haskell-Ramsay, C. F., Dodd, F. L., Smith, D., Cuthbertson, L., Nelson, A., Lodge, J. K., & Jackson, P. A. (2022). Mixed Tree Nuts, Cognition, and Gut Microbiota: A 4-Week, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Crossover Trial in Healthy Nonelderly Adults. The Journal of nutrition, 152(12), 2778-2788.

Haskell-Ramsay, C. F., Jackson, P. A., Dodd, F. L., Forster, J. S., Bérubé, J., Levinton, C., & Kennedy, D. O. (2018). Acute post-prandial cognitive effects of brown seaweed extract in humans. Nutrients, 10(1), 85.

Haskell-Ramsay, C. F., Jackson, P. A., Forster, J. S., Dodd, F. L., Bowerbank, S. L., & Kennedy, D. O. (2018). The acute effects of caffeinated black coffee on cognition and mood in healthy young and older adults. Nutrients, 10(10), 1386.

Haskell-Ramsay, C. F., Stuart, R. C., Okello, E. J., & Watson, A. W. (2017). Cognitive and mood improvements following acute supplementation with purple grape juice in healthy young adults. European journal of nutrition, 56(8), 2621-2631.

Haskell, C., Jackson, P., Forster, J., Laverick, B., & Sutherland, K. (2015). Cocoa flavanols increase cerebral haemoglobin levels acutely during cognitive task performance in healthy young adults. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 67(Sup. 1), 400-401.

Haskell CF, Watson AW (2013) Cocoa, blood flow and the brain. In Skinner M (Ed) Bioactives in Fruit: Health Properties and Functional Foods. Wiley Press, pp 367-388

Haskell CF, Dodd FL, Wightman EL, Kennedy DO (2013) Behavioural effects of compounds co-consumed in dietary forms of caffeinated plants. Nutrition Research Reviews 26: 49-70

Haskell CF, Kennedy DO (2013) Vitamins, Cognition, and Mood in Healthy Nonelderly Adults. In Scholey AB (Ed) Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition. Taylor Francis, pp 105-136

Haskell CF, Robertson BC, Jones E, Forster J, Jones R, Wilde A, Maggini S, Kennedy DO (2010) Effects of a multi-vitamin/mineral supplement on cognitive function and fatigue during extended multi-tasking. Human Psychopharmacology 25:448-61

Haskell CF, Scholey AB, Jackson PA, Elliott JM, Defeyter MA, Greer J, Robertson BC, Buchanan T, Tiplady B, Kennedy DO (2008) Cognitive and mood effects in healthy children during 12 weeks supplementation with multi-vitamin/minerals. British Journal of Nutrition 100:1086-1096

Haskell CF, Kennedy DO, Milne AL, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB (2008) The effects of l-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood. Biological Psychology 77:113-22

Haskell CF, Kennedy DO, Wesnes KA, Milne AL, Scholey AB (2007) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose evaluation of the acute behavioural effects of guarana in humans. Journal of Psychopharmacology 21: 65-70

Haskell CF, Kennedy DO, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB (2005) Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine. Psychopharmacology 179:813-25

Ingwersen J, Defeyter G, Kennedy DO, Wesnes K, Scholey AB (2007) A low glycaemic index breakfast cereal preferentially prevents children’s cognitive performance from declining throughout the morning. Appetite 49(1):240-244

Jackson, P. A., Kenney, C., Forster, J., Smith, E. F., Elcoate, R., Spittlehouse, B., ... & Kennedy, D. O. (2023). Acute Cognitive Performance and Mood Effects of Coffeeberry Extract: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study in Healthy Humans. Nutrients, 15(11), 2418.

Jackson, P. A., Forster, J., Khan, J., Pouchieu, C., Dubreuil, S., Gaudout, D., ... & Kennedy, D. O. (2021). Effects of saffron extract supplementation on mood, well-being, and response to a psychosocial stressor in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, parallel group, clinical trial. Frontiers in nutrition, 365.

Jackson, P. A., Haskell-Ramsay, C., Forster, J., Khan, J., Veasey, R., Kennedy, D. O., & Wightman, E. L (2021). Acute cognitive performance and mood effects of coffee berry and apple extracts: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover study in healthy humans. Nutritional Neuroscience, 1-9.

Jackson PA, Wightman EL, Veasey R, Forster J, Khan J, Saunders C, Mitchell S, . Haskell-Ramsay CF & Kennedy DO (2020). A Randomized, Crossover Study of the Acute Cognitive and Cerebral Blood Flow Effects of Phenolic, Nitrate and Botanical Beverages in Young, Healthy Humans. Nutrients, 12(8).

Jackson, P. A., Husberg, C., Hustvedt, S. O., Calder, P. C., Khan, J., Avery, H., … & Kennedy, D. O. (2020). Diurnal rhythm of plasma EPA and DHA in healthy adults. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 154, 102054.

Jackson, P. A., Pialoux, V., Corbett, D., Drogos, L., Erickson, K. I., Eskes, G. A., & Poulin, M. J. (2016). Promoting brain health through exercise and diet in older adults: a physiological perspective. The Journal of physiology, 594(16), 4485-4498.

Jackson, P. A., Forster, J. S., Bell, J. G., Dick, J. R., Younger, I., & Kennedy, D. O. (2016). DHA supplementation alone or in combination with other nutrients does not modulate cerebral hemodynamics or cognitive function in healthy older adults. Nutrients, 8(2), 86.

Jackson, P. (2013). Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Behavior. Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals and Neurocognition, 137.

Jackson, PA & Kennedy, DO (2013) The application of near infrared spectroscopy in nutritional intervention studies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7:473

Jackson PA, Deary ME, Reay JL, Scholey AB & Kennedy DO (2012) No effect of 12 weeks’ supplementation with 1 g DHA-rich or EPA-rich fish oil on cognitive function or mood in healthy young adults aged 18-35 years. British Journal of Nutrition 107 (8): 1232-1243

Jackson PA, Reay JL, Scholey AB & Kennedy DO (2012) DHA-rich fish oil modulates the cerebral hemodynamic response to cognitive tasks in healthy young adults. Biological Psychology 89 (1): 183-190

Jackson, P. A., Reay, J. L., Scholey, A. B., & Kennedy, D. O. (2012). DHA-rich oil modulates the cerebral haemodynamic response to cognitive tasks in healthy young adults: a near IR spectroscopy pilot study. British journal of nutrition, 107(8), 1093-1098.

Keane KM, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Veasey RC, Howatson G (2016) Montmorency Tart cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) modulate vascular function acutely, in the absence of improvement in cognitive performance. Br J Nutr. 116: 1935-1944

Kennedy, D. O., & Wightman, E. L. (2022). Mental Performance and Sport: Caffeine and Co-consumed Bioactive Ingredients. Sports Medicine, 1-22.

Kennedy, D. O., Bonnländer, B., Lang, S. C., Pischel, I., Forster, J., Khan, J., ... & Wightman, E. L. (2020). Acute and chronic effects of green oat (Avena sativa) extract on cognitive function and mood during a laboratory stressor in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy humans. Nutrients, 12(6), 1598.

Kennedy, D., Wightman, E., Khan, J., Grothe, T., & Jackson, P. (2019). The acute and chronic cognitive and cerebral blood-flow effects of nepalese pepper (zanthoxylum armatum dc.) extract—A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy humans. Nutrients, 11(12), 3022.

Kennedy, D. O. (2019). Phytochemicals for improving aspects of cognitive function and psychological state potentially relevant to sports performance. Sports Medicine, 49(1), 39-58.

Kennedy DO, Okello E, Chazot P, Howes M-J, Ohiomokhare S, Jackson PA, Haskell-Ramsay C, Khan J, Forster J, Wightman E (2018). Volatile terpenes and brain function: Investigation of the cognitive and mood effects of Mentha × piperita L. essential oil with in vitro properties relevant to central nervous system function. Nutrients 10 (8) 1029.

Kennedy DO, Jackson PA, Forster J, Khan J, Grothe T, Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Haskell-Ramsay CF (2017) Acute effects of a wild green-oat (Avena sativa) extract on cognitive function in middle-aged adults: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects trial. Nutr Neurosci 20: 135-151

Kennedy DO, Wightman EL, Forster J, Khan J, Haskell-Ramsay CF & Jackson PA (2017) Cognitive and Mood Effects of a Nutrient Enriched Breakfast Bar in Healthy Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Groups Study. Nutrients, 9 (12) 1332

Kennedy DO, Stevenson EJ, Jackson PA, Dunn S, Wishart K, Bieri G, Barella L, Carne A, Dodd FL, Robertson BC, Forster J, Haskell-Ramsay CF (2016) Multivitamins and minerals modulate whole-body energy metabolism and cerebral blood-flow during cognitive task performance: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Metab 13:11

Kennedy, D. O. (2016). B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review. Nutrients, 8(2), 68.

Kennedy DO (2014) Plants and the Human Brain. Oxford University Press, New York

Kennedy, D. O. (2014). Polyphenols and the human brain: Plant “secondary metabolite” ecologic roles and endogenous signaling functions drive benefits. Advances in Nutrition, 5(5), 515-533.

Kennedy DO (2013) Reply to MP Pase and C Stough. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98: 510-511

Kennedy DO, Veasey R, Watson A, Dodd F, Jones E, Tiplady B, Haskell CF (2011) Vitamins and psychological functioning: a mobile phone assessment of the effects of a B vitamin complex, vitamin C and minerals on cognitive performance and subjective mood and energy. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 26:338-47

Kennedy DO, Jones E, Haskell CF (2011) Vitamin status, cognition and mood in cognitively intact adults. In Benton D (Ed) Lifetime nutritional influences on cognition, behaviour and psychiatric illness. Woodhead publishing, pp 194-250

Kennedy DO and Haskell CF (2011) Vitamins and Cognition: What is the Evidence? Drugs 71(15):1957-71

Kennedy DO & Wightman EL (2011) Herbal extracts and phytochemicals: plant secondary metabolites and the enhancement of human brain function. Advances in Nutrition 2:32-50

Kennedy D, Dodd F, Robertson B, Okello E, Reay J, Scholey A, Haskell C (2011) Monoterpenoid extract of sage (Salvia lavandulaefolia) with cholinesterase inhibiting properties improves cognitive performance and mood in healthy adults. Journal of Psychopharmacology 25:1088-1100

Kennedy DO and Haskell CF (2011) Cerebral blood flow and behavioural effects of caffeine in habitual and non-habitual consumers of caffeine: A Near Infrared Spectroscopy study. Biological Psychology 86:298-306

Kennedy DO and Wightman EL (2011) Herbal extracts and phytochemicals: plant secondary metabolites and the enhancement of human brain function. Advances in Nutrition 2:32-50

Kennedy DO, Veasey R, Watson A, Dodd F, Jones E, Maggini S, Haskell CF (2010) Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Psychopharmacology 211:55-68

Kennedy DO, Wightman EL, Reay JL, Lietz G, Okello EJ, Wilde A, Haskell CF (2010) Effects of resveratrol on cerebral blood flow parameters and cognitive performance in humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover investigation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91:1590-7

Kennedy DO (2009) Herbs affecting the Central Nervous System. In (Eds) Mukherjee PK, Houghton PJ. Evaluation of Herbal Medicinal Products – Perspectives of Quality, Safety and Efficacy, Pharmaceutical Press, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, London, UK

Kennedy DO, Jackson PA, Elliott JM, Scholey AB, Robertson BC, Greer J, Tiplady B, Buchanan T, Haskell CF (2009) Cognitive and mood effects of 8 weeks’ supplementation with 400 mg or 1000 mg of the omega-3 essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in healthy children aged 10-12 years. Nutritional Neuroscience 12:48-56

Kennedy DO, Wightman E, Okello EJ (2009) Medicinal plants, phytochemicals and Alzheimer’s Disease. In: A Martinez (Ed) Emerging Drugs and Targets for Alzheimer’s Disease. Royal Chemistry Society

Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Robertson B, Reay J, Brewster-Maund C, Luedemann J, Maggini S, Ruf M, Zangara A, Scholey AB (2008) Improved cognitive performance and mental fatigue following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement with added guarana (Paullinia cupana). Appetite 50:506-13

Kennedy DO, Jackson PA, Haskell CF, Scholey AB (2007) Modulation of cognitive performance following single doses of 120mg Ginkgo biloba extract administered to healthy young volunteers. Human Psychopharmacology 22:559-66

Kennedy DO, Reay JL, Scholey AB (2007) Effects of 8 weeks administration of Korean Panax ginseng extract on the mood and cognitive performance of healthy individuals. Journal of Ginseng Research 31(1):34-43

Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Mauri PL, Scholey AB (2007) Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine. Human Psychopharmacology – Clinical and Experimental. 22(4):199-210

Kennedy DO, Little W, Haskell CF, Scholey AB (2006) Anxiolytic effects of a combination of Melissa officinalis and Valeriana officinalis during laboratory induced stress. Phytotherapy Research 20:96-102

Kennedy DO, Pace S, Haskell C, Okello EJ, Milne A, Scholey AB (2006) Effects of cholinesterase inhibiting sage (Salvia officinalis) on mood, anxiety and performance on a psychological stressor battery. Neuropsychopharmacology 31(4):845-52

Kennedy DO and Scholey AB (2006) The psychopharmacology of European herbs with cognition enhancing properties. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 12(35):4613-4623

Kennedy DO, Little W, Scholey AB (2004) Attenuation of laboratory induced stress in humans following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm). Psychosomatic Medicine 66:607-613

Kennedy DO and Scholey AB (2004) A glucose-caffeine ‘energy drink’ ameliorates subjective and performance deficits during prolonged cognitive demand. Appetite 42:331-333

Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB (2004) Improved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginseng. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior 79(3):401-11

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Drewery L, Marsh VR, Moore B, Ashton H (2003) Electroencephalograph (EEG) effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 75(3):701-709

Kennedy DO, Wake G, Savealev S, Tildesley NTJ, Perry EK, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB (2003) Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) with human CNS nicotinic and muscarinic receptor binding properties. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1871-1881

Kennedy DO and Scholey AB (2003) Ginseng: potential in the enhancement of cognitive performance and mood. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 75:687-700

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB and Wesnes KA (2002) Modulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, Ginseng and a Ginkgo/Ginseng combination to healthy young adults. Physiology and Behavior 75:739-751

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NTJ, Perry EK, and Wesnes KA (2002) Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm). Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 72:953-964

Kennedy DO (2002) The effects of Ginseng on memory and mood. In Nam-In Baek (Ed) Advances in Ginseng Research 2002. The Korean Society of Ginseng. Seoul. Korea

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB and Wesnes K (2001) Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Nutritional Neuroscience, 4:399-412

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB and Wesnes K (2001) Dose dependent changes in cognitive performance and mood following acute administration of Ginseng to healthy young volunteers. Nutritional Neuroscience 4:295-310

Kennedy DO and Scholey AB (2000) Glucose administration, heart rate and cognitive performance: effects of increasing mental effort. Psychopharmacology 149:63-71

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes K (2000) The dose dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology 151:416-423

Mackay M, Tiplady B & Scholey AB (2002) Interactions between alcohol and caffeine in relation to psychomotor speed and accuracy. Human Psychopharmacology- Clinical and Experimental, 17: 151-156

Macpherson, H., Roberstson, B., Sünram-Lea, S., Stough, C., Kennedy, D., & Scholey, A. (2015). Glucose administration and cognitive function: Differential effects of age and effort during a dual task paradigm in younger and older adults. Psychopharmacology, 232(6), 1135-1142.

Moss, M., Smith, E., Milner, M., & McCready, J. (2018). Acute ingestion of rosemary water: Evidence of cognitive and cerebrovascular effects in healthy adults. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(12), 1319-1329.

Neave N, Scholey AB, Emmett JR, Moss M, Kennedy DO, Wesnes K (2001) Water ingestion improves subjective alertness, but has no effect on cognitive performance in dehydrated healthy young volunteers. Appetite, 37: 255-256

O’Connor, P. J., Kennedy, D. O., & Stahl, S. (2021). Mental energy: plausible neurological mechanisms and emerging research on the effects of natural dietary compounds. Nutritional Neuroscience, 24(11), 850-864.

Patan, M. J., Kennedy, D. O., Husberg, C., Hustvedt, S. O., Calder, P. C., Khan, J., … & Jackson, P. A. (2021). Supplementation with oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, but not in docosahexaenoic acid, improves global cognitive function in healthy, young adults: results from randomized controlled trials. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 114(3), 914-924.

Patan, M. J., Kennedy, D. O., Husberg, C., Hustvedt, S. O., Calder, P. C., Middleton, B., ... & Jackson, P. A. (2021). Differential Effects of DHA-and EPA-rich oils on sleep in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 13(1), 248.

Patan, M. J., & Jackson, P. A. (2016). Shining a light on the effects of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the brain: The relationship between cerebral blood flow parameters and cognition. Lipid Technology, 28(12), 197-199.